The Present Perfect is one of the most challenging verb tenses for English learners. It is used in certain situations and often with quite different meanings. But with some good reference at hand and regular practice, you can easily get into using it! Let’s review when we should use the Present Perfect in the Active voice and then see how it can be used in the Passive.
The Present Perfect tense denotes an action or state that occurred at an indefinite time in the past (e.g., we have met before) or began in the past and continue to the present time (e.g., I’ve worked here for five years). These actions have started in the past but continue up to the present moment.
See? It’s always related to the past and irrespective of its name ‘Present Perfect’ expresses a past event.
But why is it called “Present Perfect”?
Present Perfect is called like that because it combines the present grammatical tense (she has) and the perfect grammatical aspect (done). The Present Perfect is used to denote a link between the present and the past. It expresses actions in the past that still have an effect on the present moment.
The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.
The Present Perfect uses time adjuncts referring to the present and does not allow the use of time adjuncts referring to the past.
The construction of the Present Perfect is simple. The first element is the auxiliary (helping) verb ‘have‘ or ‘has‘, depending on the subject the verb is connected with. The second element is the past participle of the verb.
In most cases (for regular verbs), to form the Past Participle we add ‘-ed’ to the base form of the verb:
See spelling rules for verbs when adding ‘-ed’ here. |
Some common verbs in English have irregular Past Participle forms: |
– go – went – gone – be – was/were – been – feel – felt – felt, etc. You should remember them or consult a dictionary or irregular verb list. |
Read the examples with Present Perfect:
Present Perfect is typically used to describe:
We may use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events that started in the past but continue to the present or to describe something we have done several times in the past and continue to do:
We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events in the past that still have an effect on the present moment. These actions have started in the past but continue up to the present moment.
We can use ‘just’ or ‘already‘ to talk about something that happened a short time ago:
We often use ‘yet’ with negative and question forms of the Present Perfect. It means something like ‘until now’. It usually comes at the end of the sentence.
We use the Present Perfect to ask about life experiences. We often use the adverb ‘ever’ to talk about experience up to the present:
This tense expresses actions of duration that occurred in the past (before now) but are of unspecified time:
Remember: the focus of the Present Perfect is mainly the result we have in present.
We’ve revised the Present Perfect tense in the Active voice. Let’s see what’s the difference between Present Perfect Active and Present Perfect Passive.
Present Perfect is often used with the words like ‘just‘, ‘already‘, recently‘, lately‘, ‘still‘, ‘this week/month/year‘, today’, etc. to denote a recent activity or event.
In statements showing an event or situation which began in the past and continues now, we often use time expressions with since and for, e.g. for a week, since yesterday, for a long time, since 2010:
We use:
for + | ages / ten years / six months / two weeks / fifteen minutes |
a period of time |
since + | 2015 / March / last summer / yesterday / this morning / 10.00 |
a point in time |
The Present Perfect Passive is an English verb form that has the present tense, perfect aspect, and passive voice. In the Passive, a subject of the sentence is not the doer – it is acted upon. We focus attention on what or who receives an action (the object).
Compare:
We use Present Perfect Passive with the same meaning as Present Perfect in the active voice except for the fact that Present Perfect Passive makes focus on the effect (or the object) rather than the doer (the subject) of an action. Read more about the uses of Present Perfect in our articles Present Perfect Tense for Unfinished Past, Present Perfect Tense with ‘Just’ and ‘Yet’ and Present Perfect Tense for Experience.
In the picture below, you can see the word order changes in the Passive voice – the subject and the object of the sentence change places.
Thus, the main difference between the Present Perfect Active and the Present Perfect Passive in terms of grammar and semantics is that the Present Perfect Passive allows for an object of an active sentence to move into the subject position of a passive sentence.
We use the Present Perfect in the passive form for all the same reasons we use it in the active form — to talk about (1) experiences and achievements, (2) changes over time, (3) incomplete actions with expected ends, (4) continuous actions started in the past, (5) past actions with results in present, and (6) multiple actions at different times. For example:
1. The subject is unknown. We don’t know who or what is the subject.
2. We want to emphasize the subject.
3. We are unclear or vague about the subject or the subject is irrelevant.
4. To talk about general truths.
5. In formal writing (such as scientific reports) when the emphasis is on process and results, rather than on who did the action.
The structure of the Present Perfect in the passive voice is very similar to the Present Perfect in the active voice. The only difference is adding ‘been‘ after the helping verb ‘have’/’has’.
Thus, in Present Perfect Passive, we always use ‘has/have been’ + the past participle form.
Here are some examples:
To make statements with the Present Perfect Passive, use:
have/has been + the Past Participle form of the verb
Singular | Plural |
I have been seen You have been seen He/she/it have been seen | We have been seen You have been seen They have been seen |
To make a negative form of Present Perfect Passive, insert ‘not‘ between ‘have/has’ and ‘been’ (you can also use ‘hasn’t’ or ‘haven’t).
The structure for asking questions in Present Perfect Passive is:
have/has + [subject] + been + Past Participle
Look this video from Smrt English explaining how to use passive voice with present perfect:
See also:
Present Perfect Tense with ‘Just’ and ‘Yet’
Present Perfect for Unfinished Past
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